LK-99 Is the Superconductor of the Summer

When Sinéad Griffin of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California had some new findings to share a couple of seemingly magical materials that has made customers of Twitter go gaga, she didn’t should do a lot to achieve quite a lot of consideration.

The uncommon materials, named LK-99, has been offered to the world as a superconductor that may carry electrical energy at room temperatures with zero resistance.

On Twitter — or X, as Elon Musk has renamed it — “LK-99” has been a trending matter in current days, and fans have hailed what they consider to be a long-sought holy grail of physics, one that may rework on a regular basis life with new applied sciences to unravel local weather change and make levitating trains commonplace.

On Monday night, Dr. Griffin let the social media world know of her findings in a brief put up that contained solely a hyperlink to her preliminary paper and an animated GIF of President Barack Obama dropping a microphone on the White House Correspondents Dinner in 2016.

The response was rhapsodic. The mic drop was interpreted by some X customers as affirmation that the holy grail had been discovered.

Dr. Griffin thus offered one other twist in a curler coaster of pleasure and deflation that has enthralled LK-99 followers for greater than per week.

The saga began when a workforce of South Korean scientists, most working for a tiny start-up firm named Quantum Energy Research Center in Seoul, posted two reviews that described their method for making LK-99 and the measurements that they stated confirmed the fabric’s superconducting prowess. (The identify of the fabric comes from the initials of the surnames of two of the scientists — Sukbae Lee and Ji-Hoon Kim — and the 12 months 1999, after they say they first synthesized LK-99.)

Most strikingly, they offered a video displaying a small pattern partially levitating over a magnet. The levitation, the scientists stated, demonstrated the Meissner impact, which ensures zero magnetic discipline inside a superconductor.

Alex Kaplan, who had majored in physics at Princeton University, discovered about LK-99 on Hacker News, a news aggregation web site.

“I was just shocked,” Mr. Kaplan stated in an interview. “My jaw dropped to the floor, and I started calling every friend that I knew in physics.”

That evening, he shared his pleasure on Twitter.

With that tweet, which has obtained greater than 132,000 likes, Mr. Kaplan joined a gaggle of LK-99 followers who propelled pleasure on social media over the previous week. Most of the fans usually are not consultants, nonetheless. Mr. Kaplan, for instance, works as the top of espresso product at Cometeer, an organization that sells flash-frozen espresso extract.

The scientists who examine superconductivity and stable state physics have been quieter. They recognize the curiosity — their work hardly ever attracts a frenzy of public glee — however they’re puzzled as to why this explicit room-temperature superconductor declare took off wildly whereas many earlier claims that didn’t show out got here and went with out fanfare.

“It’s great having public interest in solid state physics research,” Dr. Griffin stated, “with due caution of it being explained correctly and with the caveats I think that are needed for some of this discussion. But I think it’s fun.”

The skepticism stays, as a result of the information offered by the Korean scientists up to now falls wanting being convincing, many consultants say.

“It is too soon to conclude anything about superconductivity,” stated Sankar Das Sarma, director of the Condensed Matter Theory Center on the University of Maryland. “That data is extremely suggestive, but it is by no means compelling.”

Dr. Das Sarma has posted commentary on the middle’s Twitter account. He identified, as an example, that on the temperature that Korean scientists declare LK-99 turns right into a superconductor, {the electrical} resistance drops, however to not zero. Indeed, the resistance of the fabric, fabricated from the mineral apatite with a number of the lead atoms changed by copper, is about 100 instances increased than pure copper and different good conducting metals.

The levitation video can also be not definitive, as a result of non-superconducting supplies together with graphite may partially float in the identical manner.

Last weekend, Mr. Kaplan, who had kicked off a lot of the preliminary pleasure, posted a picture of a Magic 8 ball that learn, “It’s probably over.” Then he noticed Dr. Griffin’s paper.

In an interview, Dr. Griffin stated her paper, titled “Origin of correlated isolated flat bands in copper-substituted lead phosphate apatite,” didn’t verify the hype.

“I’m not describing superconductivity in these calculations, for sure,” she stated. Rather, her laptop simulations present that the substitution of copper within the apatite did lead to an uncommon rearrangement of the atoms. The quantity of the mineral’s crystal construction really shrank barely. That in flip appeared to shift the digital construction to 1 that may very well be conducive to superconductivity.

The digital options, referred to as “flat bands,” seem just like what was noticed in high-temperature superconductors, a category of supplies found within the Eighties. (The identify — high-temperature superconductors — is considerably deceptive. They work at temperatures significantly hotter than had been noticed beforehand, however nonetheless colder than any naturally occurring place on Earth.)

The options might facilitate sturdy interactions between quite a lot of electrons, which might give rise to superconductivity — however not all the time.

Dr. Griffin concedes that the digital construction calculations are much less definitive than her findings in regards to the shrinkage of the crystal due to the huge variety of electrons concerned. “There are inherently lots of approximations that you have to make in doing this,” she stated. “It’s not a definitive calculation of what you measure in experiment.”

A gaggle of Chinese scientists posted a paper describing related calculations that discovered the same digital construction.

“I truly don’t get the excitement about her preprint,” stated Douglas Natelson, a professor of physics at Rice University in Houston. “That’s not to say that it’s wrong, just that theorists and computational materials folks very often produce preprints based on the latest claimed material of interest. There’s nothing exceptional in that.”

On Wednesday, Dr. Griffin adopted up with a protracted thread of tweets deflating the optimistic interpretations of the mic drop GIF.

The cycle of pleasure and deflation repeated later within the day when scientists at Southeast University in Nanjing, China, reported that that they had synthesized LK-99 and measured zero resistance in one of many samples.

However, the reported zero resistance occurred when the pattern was cooled to minus-260 levels Fahrenheit, not room temperatures, and it was a gradual diminishing {of electrical} resistance, not the sharp drop that may be anticipated of a superconductor. The knowledge additionally confirmed a resistance dip at increased temperatures, which the Southeast University scientists attributed to impurities or an instrumental glitch.

Dr. Das Sarma was once more unimpressed.

Like the unique LK-99 papers, “Southeast also has no transition, just instrumental artifacts,” he wrote in a tweet. “What is the goal here? No one can fool nature.”

Dr. Das Sarma stated he knew that the analysis teams of a number of distinguished physicists have been working to synthesize the fabric and make measurements to find out whether or not LK-99 is certainly a superconductor.

“A claim this huge has to be scrutinized very, very carefully,” Dr. Das Sarma stated. “And has to be duplicated by independent groups in as many ways as possible before we declare victory.”

He added, “I believe this can happen. But that does not mean this has happened.”